Last week, NASA and the United States celebrated 45 years of Americans in orbit. On Feb. 20, 1962, an Atlas missile launched astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. into a cloudless sky on a trajectory that allowed his tiny Friendship 7 spacecraft to orbit the earth three times. The successful mission let the U.S. hold its head a little higher after the Soviets beat the United States into space yet again (i.e. Sputnik) when it launched Yuri Gagarin into orbit aboard Vostok 1 on April 12 the previous year. The flight also helped the world believe the United States might actually achieve what President Kennedy had proposed less than a year earlier: to land a man on the moon and return him safely to earth.

NASA photo of John Glenn leaving crew quarters prior to launch
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NASA

John Glenn, in his pressure suit,

leaving crew quarters.
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Prior to the Friendship 7 mission,
the U.S. had launched two men only into short sub-orbital flights.
The U.S.’s space program seemed years behind the Soviet’s.
During the weeks leading up to Glenn’s space flight,
the world witnessed the U.S. delaying the launch 10 times because of equipment problems
and uncooperative weather.

NASA’s
web pages
celebrating the 45th anniversary includes an interview with the
astronaut-turned-senator,
John Glenn,
interviews with fellow Mercury astronauts Scott Carpenter and Walter Schirra,
and a 360-degree tour of the Friendship 7 capsule,
allowing you to zoom in on panel switches and indicators to know just what they say.
The presentation allows you to see more capsule details than you would straining to peer inside the capsule
in person
at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington.
(But by no means do you want to miss seeing the capsule in the museum’s lobby when you visit D.C.
You also can see Glenn’s Mercury space suit, although make sure you read the label next to the suit
to avoid leaving with the impression that John Glenn stood about 4-foot-10.)

Friendship 7 leaves the launch pad atop an Atlas-D rocket

Friendship 7 leaves the

launch pad atop an

Atlas rocket

NASA’s Johnson Space Center also archives many
press photos
of the Friendship 7 mission.
Well worth viewing if you’re a space buff.
A complete
recording
of the flight also is available from the Kennedy Space Center as a series of Real Audio files.

Listening to the audio of the entire flight is a good way to live through the event,
rather than listening to edited versions of the flight.
As an example,
for a project I worked on 12 years ago commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing,
I listened to some of the unedited NASA recordings.
I remember thinking how slow everything occurred,
from the descent of the lunar module to the hours that passed
between touchdown
(“Houston, Tranquility Base here, the Eagle has landed”)
and Neil Armstrong actually stepping out onto the surface
(“That’s one small step…”)
Whenever the moon landing is shown on television today,
you’d think the landing took a couple of minutes and that the astronauts popped the hatch
shortly after landing.
Listening to the full recording of the 4 hour, 55 minute Friendship 7 flight
gives a reminder to the many details that actually occur during a space flight.

If you’d like to hear highlights of the Friendship 7 flight,
here are some edited audio files from my collection.

Launch (56 seconds)

Hitting zero G: “Zero-G and I feel fine” (55 secs.)

Firing retro rockets (21 secs.)

Main parachute deploy (40 secs.)

These recorded highlights are fun because you can hear Glenn
describing the power of the retro rockets being fired while he was
passing over California on his way toward his splashdown target in the Atlantic Ocean.
Glenn radios,
“Retros are firing. Are they ever. It feels like I’m going back toward Hawaii.”
You also can hear the excitement in Glenn’s voice when he sees his main parachute deploy,
which was probably the last major thing that could have gone wrong before splashdown.
You hear Glenn’s relief when he says “beautiful chute.”

Photo of earth taken by astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. during his spaceflight
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NASA

Photo of earth Glenn took during his space flight

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Glenn had reason to be nervous during re-entry.
Ground controllers had received telemetry indicating that
the heat shield and landing airbag assembly
(in case he needed to make a hard landing on the ground)
might have prematurely detached from the capsule.
If true,
the only thing keeping the heat shield in place were
straps attaching the retro-rocket assembly to the space craft.
As a safety measure,
flight controllers asked Glenn to keep the retro-rockets
attached to the space capsule during re-entry.
Normally,
the rockets are jettisoned after firing.
During re-entry,
Glenn heard thumps and saw pieces of the retro rockets burning away from his craft.

You also hear in the recordings why NASA later suggested sending a poet into space in order
to describe the experience (and thus gain more public support, and funding).
It seems Glenn has one word for all the wonders he sees.
Sunrises and sunsets? Beautiful.
The site of the secondary engine falling away from his craft? Beautiful.
Parachute? Beautiful.
NASA was hoping the astronauts could provide more vivid descriptions
to bring the experience to life.

If you start reading through some of the NASA links and want to learn more about Mercury,
I recommend
We Seven,
a book from 1962 by the Mercury astronauts themselves,
describing the program.
I remember reading that book when I was about 11,
getting me hooked on the excitement of science and exploration.
The Wikipedia
entry also is good.